Clinical & Medical CASE REPORTS

Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that is associated with providing proper medical and health care to infants, children, and adolescents( from birth through adolescence).  The goal of a pediatrician is to treat and diagnose infections, injuries, congenital conditions and organ dysfunctions in a child in order to give him a long disease free life.

Some of the various subspecialties’ of pediatry include:

Pediatric allergy and immunology, Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Critical care , Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric oncology, Pediatric Neuropsychology and Pediatric surgery.

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Cardiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the blood circulatory system and its pump i.e the heart. Disorders of the heart and the vascular system are collectively known as the disorders of the cardiovascular system. Hypertension, Arrhythmias, Coronary artery disease and congenital heart defects are some cardiac disease conditions. Recent topics in cardiology research include radiation associated cardiac disease, pediatric cardiology, cardiovascular imaging studies etc.

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• Track 3-1: Case Reports on Cardiogeriatrics
• Track 3-2: Case Reports on Pediatric cardiology
• Track 3-3: Case Reports on Cardiothoracic Surgery
• Track 3-4: Case Reports on Adult Cardiology

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Neurology is defined as the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the nervous system that comprises of the brain and the spinal chord.   Extensive research is going on in the study of common neurological disorders like the Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer disease, and migraine.

 The neurobiology of bipolar disorder and dissociative identity disorder are also areas of study in this field despite the overlap with the field of psychiatry.

Clinical neuropsychologists evaluate brain-behavior for differential diagnosis, rehabilitation strategies, documenting cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and measuring change over time (e.g., for identifying abnormal aging or tracking the progression of dementia).

In some countries, a sub-specialization of this branch of medicine is called clinical neurophysiology which is associated with nerve conduction studies and electrodiagnostic medicine.

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• Track 4-1: Case reports on Brain injury
• Track 4-2: Case Reports on Endovascular surgical neuroradiology
• Track 4-3: Case reports on Clinical neurophysiology
• Track 4-4: Case Reports on Neurodevelopmental disorders

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Pathology is derived from the Greek word “pathos” which means suffereing, pathology usually deals with the laboratory diagnosis of samples or body fluids in order to find out about the nature of the illness. The 6 most common pathology tests are liver function test (LFT), full blood examination,iron studies, urine analysis, Thyroid stimulating hormone quantification and Internationalised Normalised Ratio. Pathological research can help in the thorough understanding of human diseases.

Recently a three in one blood test, a first test of its kind has opened the door for precision medicine in prostrate cancer research and hence holds promise to transform the treatment of the disease.

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•  Case Reports on Anatomical Pathology
•  Case Reports on Clinical Pathology
•  Case Reports on Molecular Pathology

Oncology is a branch of medicine that focusses on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malignancy or cancer.  Cancers can be broadly classified into carcinomas, sarcomas,leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain and spinal chord cancers based on the origin of cancer in the body. Loss of regulation in cell signaling pathways,  upregulation or downregulation of a housekeeping protein, metastasis, and evasion of the immune system are the major characteristics of any cancer. The occurrence of cancer can be due to both inheritable and environmental reasons. People with autoimmune disorders like (eg.  celiac disease) are at a high risk of cancer.

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•  Case Reports on Neuro-oncology
•  Case Reports on Breast Oncology
•  Case Reports on Pediatric oncology
•  Case Reports on Oncopathology
•  Case Reports on Molecular Oncology
•  Case Reports on Psycho-oncology
•  Case Reports on Pain and Palliative Oncology
•  Case Reports on Ocular oncology
•  Case Reports on Hemato-Oncology

Drug interactions occur when one drug interacts or interferes with the working of the other. There may be several kinds of drug interactions. Nowadays the increased use of combinatorial treatment for treating diseases demands drug interactions be studied thoroughly before their launch in the market. Sometimes drug interactions can be synergistic or may produce adverse effects which cause problems to the health of the individual. Drug- Disease interactions may worsen or exacerbate an existing medical condition.

Loss of therapeutic effect, unexpected increase in pharmacological activity,toxicity, and several chemical and physical interactions can result.In this respect, two fields namely: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics have come up. The Former deals with the effect of one drug kinetic that affects the adsorption, metabolism, and excretion of the other. Pharmacodynamics is related to the pharmacological activity of the drug. An individual's genetic makeup also affects drug interaction.The study of how an individual's genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs is known as Pharmacogenetics. The severity of interactions can be major, moderate or minor.

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•  Case Reports on Pharmacology and Toxicology
•  Case Reports on Toxicology

Public heath research is an amalgamation of different disciplines which work together to protect community health through education, research for disease and prevention of injuries. More than one in four adults living with serious mental health problems is also a prey to  substance abuse. Substance use problems occur more frequently with certain mental health problems, including

·         Depression

·         Anxiety disorders

·         Schizophrenia

·         Personality disorders

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• Case Reports on Hygiene and Communicable Diseases
• Case Reports on Clinical Psychology

Obstetrics and Gynecology Case Reports usually focusses on a rare disease or disorder or even discovery of a new genetic mutation. Case Reports will cover eight specialties : Obstetrics, Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Urogynecology , Reproductive Biology ,Menopausal and Post-Menopausal Health ,Reproductive Health and Safety, Gynecologic Endoscopic and Vaginal Surgery

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• Case Reports on Pediatric Critical Care
• Gynecologic Oncology
• Reproductive Endocrinology
• Urogynecology
• Maternal-Fetal medicine
• Pediatric Gynecology
• Geriatric Gynecology

The first evidence of surgical treatments dates back to the prehistoric era when the Egyptians drilled a hole in the skull to expose the dura matter to treat intracranial diseases and used sutures to close wounds. Surgery in the 21st century comprises of four parts: pre-operative care, staging of the surgery, surgery and post-operative care. Surgeries are classified or grouped into several types based on timing, purpose, body part, type of procedure, degree of invasiveness and equipment used.

Among the various types of surgery the most common are:

Bariatric surgery: this surgery is usually performed on people suffering from obesity. Either the size of the stomach is reduced by using a gastric band or the small intestine is redirected to a smaller stomach pouch. These two techniques are normally used to achieve weight loss.

Pediatric surgery: this surgery involves surgery on children, adolescents, and fetuses with birth defects and other complications.

Cardiothoracic surgery: this type of surgery deals with surgical treatment of the thoracic mainly  the heart and chest.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery: this deals with  treating disorders and diseases of the mouth or oral cavity and the jaw (maxilla ).

Vascular surgery: it is a surgical subspecialty that is concerned with treating the disorders of the vascular system.

Plastic surgery:  a type of surgery that is associated with the reconstruction, restoration or change in the human body.

Plastic surgery may be done for aesthetic reasons as well.

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• Case Reports on Elective Surgery
• Case Reports on Emergency Surgery
• Case Reports on Cosmetic and Therapeutic surgery
• Case Reports on Reconstructive Surgery
• Case Reports on Reconstructive Surgery
• Case Reports on Transplant Surgery
• Case Reports on Minimally Invasive Surgery

This branch of science deals with karyotypic analysis and testing chromosomes, biochemical markers and genetic material, mainly dna extracted from body fluids for the complete and detailed analysis of the disease at the molecular level. Mainly three branches fall under this category: they are molecular genetics, cytogenetics and biochemical genetics.

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•  Case Reports on Clinical Genetics
•  Case Reports on Metabolic Genetics
•  Case Reports on Molecular Genetics
•  Case Reports on Mitochondrial Genetics

Any disease caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and protozoans and can be spread from one individual to the other fall under the category of infectious diseases. Sometimes some helpful microorganisms may become opportunistic pathogens and cause disease.

Diagnosis of these diseases may be done by symptomatic methods, microbial pure cultures, microscopy, biochemical testing, PCR based testing or by metagenomic sequencing using bioinformatic tools.

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•  Case Reports on Infection Control and Immunity

Anesthesiology is the practice of medicine dedicated to the relief of pain and total care of the surgical patient before, during and after surgery.

 Anesthesiologists along with the surgical team ,work in collaboration to provide medical care to patients. Anesthesia drugs can be used intravenously to induce sedation in patients that work effectively in pain relief.

 For acute post-operative pain, sometimes  controlled opioid analgesics are also permitted and several case reports regarding the efficacy of this treatment have come up recently  in this aspect.

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• Case Reports on Hospice and Palliative Medicine
• Case Reports on Critical Care Medicine
• Case Reports on Adult Cardio-Thoracic Anesthesiology
• Case Reports on Pediatric Anesthesiology
• Case Reports on Pain Medicine

         Internal medicine is a special branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organs in an adult individual in a non-surgical manner. The latest research in this field centers around studying liver infections caused by Hepatitis c virus and pulmonology infections.

Emergency medicine is a medical specialty that is associated with providing acute patients immediate medical heed.

Evidence-based medicine is the judicious use of health care medicines based on case reports and evidence-based research.

Tropical medicine is a branch of medicine that is associated with diseases (eg. endemic diseases like malaria, ebola etc) that are difficult to control and is distributed mainly around the tropical and subtropical areas.

Personalized medicine

Translational medicine 

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• Case Reports on Internal Medicine
• Case Reports on Nuclear Medicine
• Case Reports on Emergency Medicine
• Case Reports on Evolutionary Medicine
• Case Reports on Tropical Medicine
• Case Reports on Sports Medicine
• Case Reports on Personalised Medicine
• Case Reports on Alternative Medicine

Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Among diseases of the digestive system, gastrointestinal cancers, intragastric bleeding, GERD, ulcers, dysphagia, odynophagia, regurgitation, inflammatory and infectious disorders are most noticed.

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• Case Reports on Pediatric Gastroenterology
•  Case Reports on Hepatology

Proctology: a specialization branch of medicine that can be associated with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the anus, rectum, and colon. Patients often turn to a proctologist or a colorectal surgeon when they need help with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. However, there is a mild difference between gastroenterologists and proctologists as the latter expertise in all parts of the GI tract and have an increased knowledge of the small intestine, colon, rectum, and anal canal. There are many disorders that can be treated by colorectal surgeries. Some of them include:

Hemorrhoids: commonly known as piles, hemorrhoids are swellings in the posterior part of the GI tract i.e. the rectum which causes bleeding, pain and distress.

Anal fissures: A small tear in the anus lining.

Fistulas: An infected tunnel between the skin and the anus.

Constipation: Constipation refers to difficulties in bowel movements as it becomes dry and hard to pass.Abdominal pain, bloating can also result because of this condition.

Cecal perforations occur due to direct or secondary injuries in the colon or rectum. Cecal perforations can be indicative of colorectal cancer also.

Radiology is a medical specialty that makes use of imaging techniques to identify, treat and diagnose diseases. There are several imaging techniques that are used. Some of them are radiography, computed tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance fingerprinting.  The branch that deals with using of radiation to treat cancer is known as radiation oncology studies. Radiology studies in the past year, like MR fingerprinting, have seen an advance in the treatment of prostrate cancer and breast cancer. Several uncommon variations in the development of organs and systems can be understood by the imaging studies, for instance, the Zinner syndrome in the male genital tract can be identified using computed tomography and imaging.

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•  Case Reports on Abdominal Imaging
•  Case Reports on Vascular Interventional Radiology
•  Case Reports on Musculoskeletal Imaging
•  Case Reports on Breast Imaging
•  Case Reports on Emergency Radiology
•  Case Reports on Radiation Oncology

The branch of medicine that deals with the endocrine system and its secretions (hormones) is known as Endocrinology. Case Reports in Endocrinology is all about various endocrine disorders their unusual occurrence, treatment and the follow up of the diseased patient. An Endocrinology related disease usually falls under three categories : tumors, gland hypersecretion and gland hyposecretion. Type 2 diabetes has recently become an increasing menace in the society and also among children and adolescents and many  case reports on diabetes have come up as a result. 

The branch of Medicine that deals with the anatomy ,physiology and diseases of the eye is known as ophthalmology.Ophthalmologists are medically trained to provide patients with total eye care using medical, surgical, and rehabilitative services. In doing so, an ophthalmologist prescribes vision services, including glasses and contact lenses. Due to the increasing incidence and prevalence of eye related disorders such as presbyopia, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy among the aging population and low awareness about the ophthalmic disorders, especially in developing countries. This is primarily due to the lack of awareness amongst rural population about the various ophthalmic disorders such as cataract. Hence there is a huge need and demand of eye care professionals to deal with eye ailments and diseases. According to a study it is estimated that around 48% of world population is blind because of cataract and more than 60 million people suffer from glaucoma and it is estimated that the number would rise to 80 million by the end of 2020. Ageing population is the leading cause for refractive error problem in countries like the USA and Europe, it is noticed that the refractive error problem is mostly seen in population ageing more than 40 years.

A clinical autopsy is usually performed by an pathologist to find out the correct diagnosis of the cause of death of an individual and it serves as an important tool in hospitals for quality control. Clinical autopsies differ from the medico-legal autopsies. The former needs permission from the patient’s family to do these investigations. For example, in the United Kingdom clinical autopsies cannot be performed without prior permission.

This track refers to : 

Miscellaneous case discussions that help in better understanding of the human anatomy and physiology.

Cases that help in accelerating research on rare conditions and diseases.

Conditions that are the first of its kind but can't be placed in a single category. 

Information related to a particular medical condition that is not reported before: An experience that maybe shared in the form of a case report. 

3D-printing in Medicine

Any medical conference will be incomplete without a panel on 3D printing and its applications in medicine. In an age where new medical technologies are in such high demand, wouldn't a 3D bioprinter be useful?

The major breakthroughs of 3D-printing

Surgeons are now using 3D printing service to practice complex surgeries, and that time is not far when they  will perform surgeries using implants/ 3D printed organs in patients. The following are some major advances that 3D-printing technologies have made in the past decade :

Organ Bioprinting: Scientists and researchers in the medical field have successfully printed kidney cells, sheets of cardiac tissue that resemble a real heart and human liver, among many other organ tissues. While printing out an entire human organ for transplant may be happening after 10 years, medical researchers are on their way to making this dream a reality.  

Stem cells: Skin cell bioprinting can be a boon for skin cancer patients and burn victims and German Scientists have been developing this using 3D printing since 2010.

Bone and Cartilage: First performed by Hod Lipson, a Cornell Engineer when he tissues bio printed a cartilage. Later bone and other parts of the skeletal system was also bio printed.

Surgical Tools: MIT Researchers Create New Cellulose 3D Printing Process and Print Antimicrobial Surgical Tool. Customized Medical Implants have been created using CT Scans as well. 3D printing enables high-quality, rapid, low-cost production of everything from dental implants to hearing aids, from prescription eyeglasses to headgear that fit better, work better, and offer better protection. 3D printed patient-specific low cost prosthetics produced by MakerBot-style printers, are having a major impact, especially in developing countries. The prosthetics come with the latest technology and are changing the lives of people who in the past had no hope of ever receiving these devices.

3D Printing in Cancer Research: Cancer cells are being bioprinted effectively  for drug testing, cancer cell analyzing and therapy. 

Traditional medicine comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness"